DARSHAN J MEHTA

Water distribution networks are designed to deliver water from a source in the adequate quantity and at satisfactory pressure to individual consumers. To solve any problem, design of new or upgradation of existing water distribution network is to be necessary. So, such type of problem can be solved using LOOP 4.0, STANET, EPANET 2.0, and WATERGEMS software. Surat City facing problems like water scarcity and pressure fluctuation so for study purpose Punagam area is selected for analyzing the existing water distribution network using WATERGEMS V8i. The objective of our study is to analyze the existing water distribution network of Punagam area using WATERGEMS V8i and to recommend some measures if present network does not fulfil the present and future demand. The results obtained verified that the pressures at all junctions and the flows with their velocities at all pipes are feasible enough to provide adequate water to the network of the study area.

Since ancient times, man has tried to reside beside the source of water for its easy availability. But with the increase in the population the residence of all near the water source became difficult day by day and thus man started residing at the location away from water source. Water distribution systems are designed with an objective of minimizing the overall cost while meeting the water demand requirements at adequate pressures. However during operations of water supply systems, cases of pressure drops, Leakages and contamination occur and the main challenge is the lack of a simple tool to accurately predict zones of low pressures and areas where quality is compromised. This study will investigate the operations of Punagam area Water Distribution system in Surat city in terms of pressure Variations from the Treatment Works to the consumer points using WATERGEMS V8i software. The WATERGEMS V8i programme analyses the pressure at each node, track the flow of water in each pipe and height of the water in each tank during simulation. After simulation of existing water distribution network, results were presented in various forms and compared with the field actual data. This paper covers the water scarcity problems to consumer and the problem of leakage in the distribution system in particular with an explanation of its causes and its impact on various aspects of life and a clarification of the possibility of effectively using of geographic information systems to contribute in the management of this problem. The results obtained verified that the pressures at all junctions at all pipes are feasible enough to provide adequate water to the network of the study area. Simulated water pressure did not vary significantly with the actual values indicating that the pipes still had their hydraulic capacities even though some sections of the network need augmentation. 1 INTRODUCTION Water is a vital element in the living system and is an important component and also a key element for the socioeconomic development of a country. A water distribution system is an essential infrastructure in the supply of water for domestic as well as industrial uses. It connects consumers to sources of water, using hydraulic components, such as pipes, valves, pumps and tanks. The design of such systems is a multifarious task involving numerous interrelated factors, requiring careful consideration in the design process. Important design parameters include water demand, minimum pressure requirements, topography; system reliability, economics, piping, pumping and energy use. The primary goal of all water distribution system engineers is the delivery of water to meet the demands on quantity and pressure. Unfortunately, as a water distribution system ages, its ability to transport water diminishes and the demands placed upon it typically increase. In addition to the unsatisfactory performance of a deteriorated network, there are direct economic impacts of a failing system. Water distribution system, hydraulic infrastructure consisting of elements such as pipes, tanks, reservoirs, pumps and valves etc. is crucial to provide water to the consumers. Elements of a distribution system include distribution mains, arterial mains, storage reservoirs and system accessories (valves, hydrants, mainline meters, service connections, and backflow preventers). Distribution mains are the pipelines that make up the distribution system. Their function is to carry water from the water source or treatment works to users. Water distribution system can be divided into two main parts: (i) Intermittent System: In this system water is supplied at regular intervals throughout the day. Water may be supplied for a few hours in the morning or in the evening. Due to some negative pressure, the quality of water is not so good compared to continuous water supply system. This system may cause serious risk to health as a result of ingress of contaminated ground water into the distribution system, (ii) Continuous system: In this system, the distribution system remains continuously pressurized so that no contaminated ground water can enter into the water pipelines even there are some small leakages in the system. Therefore, inspection, control and planned maintenance and rehabilitation programs are necessary to properly operate existing water distribution systems. There is still not a convenient evaluation for the reliability of water distribution systems. Traditionally, a water distribution network design is based on the proposed

Central Business Districts (CBD) are certain areas of traffic attraction due to the rapid urbanization, growing population, and increasing commercial and economic activities. More population generate a large number of vehicles, leading to conflict with vehicles and congestion. It in turn adversely affects the ultimate goal of efficient mobility of the citizens. The CBD is likely to offer high accessibility with the provision of transportation infrastructures; it is also threatened by mobility challenges resulting in low productivity and loss of man-hours, thus adversely affecting the overall wellbeing of residents. This research observes the challenges of traffic congestion and management problems within Surat CBD, on a major arterial known as, 'Rajmarg' having a 2.4 km of length. Researchers obtained data through identification of land use (ground truthing), cross-section road inventory, and observing major traffic activity. For addressing the traffic congestion, classified volume count survey and pedestrian count of 3 days i.e. Saturday, Sunday, and Monday (videography), speed and delay survey (using android based mobile application " My Tracks "). Findings exposed an irregular land use pattern, resulting in traffic and transportation bottleneck, vehicular conflicts and unnecessary traffic congestion, longer travel time and loss of human hours during a daytime. The paper deliberates the need for a review of CBD-Surat by the execution of the planning and regulatory rules for effective traffic management.

Aerated concrete is relatively homogeneous and compared to normal concrete, as it does not contain coarse aggregate phase that shows vast variation in its properties. The properties of aerated concrete depend on its microstructure and composition, methods of pore-formation and curing. AAC is a relatively new concrete masonry material that is lightweight, easy to construct, and economical to transport. However, in other parts of the world it use has been used successfully as a building material for over fifty years. It was observed that fly ash responds poorly to autoclaving. This paper details the history, physical properties, manufacturing process, and structural design of AAC and concludes that it has important advantages as a structural building material comparing with the Normal Concrete that deserves further consideration for use in the United States. INTRODUCTION Aerated concrete is a cement or lime mortar, classified as lightweight concrete, in which air-voids are entrapped in the mortar matrix by suitable aerating agent, comparing the Concrete is a multiphasic material with the densities of the numerous components entering traditional concrete mix vary between 1000 kg/m 3 (water) and 3200 kg/m 3 (cement). Aerated concrete falls into the group of cellular concrete. The projecting advantage of aerated concrete is its lightweight, which economizes the structural design including the foundation and walls. It provides a high degree of thermal insulation and considerable savings in material due to the porous structure which is less than Normal Concrete. By appropriate method of production, aerated concrete with a wide range of densities (300± 1800 kg/m 3), which is good compare to the Normal Concrete. There have been several investigations on the properties of aerated concrete in the past. This review aims to compare the studies on aerated concrete related to its structure and properties and Density to the Normal Concrete Properties. Comparative classification of Auto Aerated Concrete & Normal Concrete

Prediction of water availability in space and time has been a challenging job to the Hydraulic Engineers. The flood and drought condition in our country has been more frequent in the recent past due to changing climatic conditions of the world. The Southern Gujarat, in general, and the surrounding area near Surat, in particular, are highly prone to the flood and suffered huge tangible and intangible damages in the past, for instance year 2006 flood alone has caused a loss of Rs.2100 crore to the Surat city. Prediction of river stage during the flood requires mathematical modeling of the river to take decision related to the flood protection and disaster management work. Surat city is situated at the bank of river Tapi (India) near its delta region. The flow of water and water level in the river Tapi is controlled by Ukai dam which is 100 kms away from Surat city. The city has faced many floods since long. Major flood event occurred in the year 1883, 1884, 1942,1944,1945,1949, 1959, 1968, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2012 and 2013 The flood prediction of river Tapi using HEC-RAS is discussed in the paper. This is helpful in the preparation of Flood Mitigation Plan for Surat city as a curative measure for the control of flood in the river Tapi. Thus in this present paper, uniform flow will be computed for past five years peak flood discharge data.

The innovations originated in more than 20 countries, and cover all facets of construction, including design, fabrication, construction, rehabilitation, labor, management, equipment, and materials. From simple tools to complex systems, innovation makes construction of higher quality that is less expensive, safer, more beautiful, less environmentally intrusive, and better understood and accepted. It helps preserve and renew the old and makes the new more enduring, it provides much of the spirit and challenges that excites and rives the great industry. One of the major issues to be addressed when coming to construction is the choice of the appropriate material. An already, classical implementation of the field techniques, widely used for construction is Cement, Steel, Glass, Wood etc are the main components of any construction now a days. In recent years, several emerging high strength materials have attracted enormous attention as potential candidates for construction. High strength steels has been used as main part of building for more than 40 years because of its manufacturability and ability to deliver continued tensile improvements as it has been made ever stronger. The innovations in construction here are such that they have helped us improve quality, efficiency and cost effectiveness of construction.